緊急「命令」比一比3
◎ 翻譯：林昕璇（中央研究院法律學研究所博士後研究學者）
全名： 因應新型冠狀病毒(COVID-19)進入國家緊急狀態宣告
原文：Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak
試譯如下，並附原文：
發佈日期：March 13, 2020
2019年12月，一款名為SARS-CoV-2（下稱」病毒」）的新型冠狀病毒COVID-19於中華人民共和國湖北省武漢市被發現，導致疫情爆並向全球擴散。為因應COVID-19疫情，美國衛生及公共服務部部長依據公共健康服務法（Public Health Service Act）319條款（42 U.S.C. 247d），於2020年1月30號宣佈美國進入公共衛生緊急狀態。我已採取徹底的行動控制疫情於美國進一步惡化，包括拒絕過去14天內曾身處COVID-19疫區的外國人入境，這些疫區包括：中華人民共和國、伊朗及歐洲的申根區國家。此外，聯邦政府連同州與地方政府，已啟動相關預防及主動措施減緩疫情擴散，同時著手處理影響所及者，這些措施涵蓋對於自國外撤離的個人實施聯邦檢疫、依據公共健康服務法（42 U.S.C. 247d-6d）319F‑3條款發佈聲明、以及發佈政策希冀加速個人取得防護設備與導入新的篩檢能力至各實驗室。2020年3月11日世界衛生組織（WHO）宣佈，基於COVID-19在世界各地區與美國境內節節攀升的感染率，已足堪認定為大規模傳染病。
COVID-19在我們國家境內的擴散對竭耗我國醫療照護系統造成危脅。截至2020年3月12日止，總計47州共1645個人確診帶有罹患COVID-19的病毒，全國各地的醫院和醫療機構均有責任評估其待命狀況，並隨時做好升高抗疫量能之準備及部署。儘管如此，美國尚需要採取額外措施才能成功地遏制和抵抗該病毒。
有鑑於此，本人唐納·J·川普，美國總統，秉承憲法與包括國家緊急法（National Emergency Act）201與301條款（50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq）及社會安全法（Social Security Act）1135條款（42 U.S.C. 1320b-5）在內的美國法律授予我的權限，謹宣佈COVID-19疫情於美國自3月1日起構成國家緊急狀態。依此宣告，我指示如下：
第一款 緊急權限
衛生及公共服務部部長得於因應COVID-19的公共衛生緊急狀況期間，行使社會安全法1135條款授予之權限，暫時豁免或變更聯邦醫療保險、醫療補助及州兒童健康保險計畫與健康保險可攜式及責任法等相關法令。
第二款 證明與通知
根據社會安全法1135 (d)，衛生及公共服務部部長應提供證明及事前書面通知予國會。
第三款 一般條款
（a）本公告內容不應阻礙或影響下列事項
（i）法律授予執行部門或機構或其負責人的權力；
（ii）美國行政管理及預算局長涉及預算，行政或立法提案之職權。
（b）本公告應根據適用法律執行，並應視撥款情況而定。
（c）本公告無意，且並未創設任何權利或利益─無論是實體還是程序上─可針對美國，或其部門、機關、實體，行政人員、僱員、代理人或任何他人之法律上或財產之執行請求權。
特此立證，於三月的十三日，我們的創世主的二千零二十年，美利堅合眾國獨立的第二百四十四年。
唐納·J·川普
In December 2019, a novel (new) coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 (“the virus”) was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, causing outbreaks of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 that has now spread globally. The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) declared a public health emergency on January 31, 2020, under section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d), in response to COVID-19. I have taken sweeping action to control the spread of the virus in the United States, including by suspending entry of foreign nationals seeking entry who had been physically present within the prior 14 days in certain jurisdictions where COVID-19 outbreaks have occurred, including the People’s Republic of China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Schengen Area of Europe. The Federal Government, along with State and local governments, has taken preventive and proactive measures to slow the spread of the virus and treat those affected, including by instituting Federal quarantines for individuals evacuated from foreign nations, issuing a declaration pursuant to section 319F‑3 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d‑6d), and releasing policies to accelerate the acquisition of personal protective equipment and streamline bringing new diagnostic capabilities to laboratories. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that the COVID-19 outbreak can be characterized as a pandemic, as the rates of infection continue to rise in many locations around the world and across the United States.
The spread of COVID-19 within our Nation’s communities threatens to strain our Nation’s healthcare systems. As of March 12, 2020, 1,645 people from 47 States have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. It is incumbent on hospitals and medical facilities throughout the country to assess their preparedness posture and be prepared to surge capacity and capability. Additional measures, however, are needed to successfully contain and combat the virus in the United States.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including sections 201 and 301 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) and consistent with section 1135 of the Social Security Act (SSA), as amended (42 U.S.C. 1320b-5), do hereby find and proclaim that the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States constitutes a national emergency, beginning March 1, 2020. Pursuant to this declaration, I direct as follows:
Section 1. Emergency Authority. The Secretary of HHS may exercise the authority under section 1135 of the SSA to temporarily waive or modify certain requirements of the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children’s Health Insurance programs and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule throughout the duration of the public health emergency declared in response to the COVID‑19 outbreak.
Sec. 2. Certification and Notice. In exercising this authority, the Secretary of HHS shall provide certification and advance written notice to the Congress as required by section 1135(d) of the SSA (42 U.S.C. 1320b-5(d)).
Sec. 3. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This proclamation shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This proclamation is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this thirteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fourth.
DONALD J. TRUMP
資料來源
Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-declaring-national-emergency-concerning-novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak/
參考法令
社會安全法 1135(d)
部長應於行使權限至少兩天前，提交證明與事前書面通知予國會，其內容應包含下列事項：
(1)描述─
(A)欲被豁免與變更之特定條款；
(B)係爭豁免與變更效力所及之醫事服務提供者；
(C)係爭豁免與變更適用之地理區域範圍；以及
(D)係爭豁免與變更之有效期間；以及
(2)證明係爭豁免與變更係為達成本條款(a)揭示之意旨─確保衛生及公共服務部部長在緊急地區及緊急事態存續期間行使最大限度裁量權限所必要。
